Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1340 Words

The argument of legalizing medicinal marijuana and marijuana used for recreational purposes has been around for quite some time now. Recreational use is when one smokes cannabis just for fun and with the intention of altering the state of consciousness while medicinal marijuana is used for treating certain maladies and alleviating their symptoms. Though marijuana use is not as harmless as many people seem to believe. Like any other drugs, marijuana can affect the body and mind and may have a majority of side affects. It has an addictive nature and is also known as the gateway drug. It can even affect those around you in more ways than one. For instance if something were to happen to you or if for whatever reason you lash out at them. The†¦show more content†¦The problem has not only happened in Colorado but in other states were the use of cannabis is legal. For example, in the article, â€Å"Odd Byproduct of Legal Marijuana: Homes That Blow Up†, by Jack Healy, he says â€Å"Over the past year, a hash-oil explosion in a motel in Grand Junction sent two people to a hospital. In Colorado Springs, an explosion in a third-floor apartment shook the neighborhood and sprayed glass across a parking lot. And in an accident in Denver, neighbors reported a ball of fire that left three people hospitalized.† Innocent lives are getting hurt because now that recreational marijuana is legal in colorado people think that it is also legal to extract hash-oil from it and that they don t have to pay the crime if someone gets hurt. â€Å"I view this as an equivalent of frying turkey for Thanksgiving. Someone spills the oil, and theres an explosion. It’s unfortunate, but it’s not a felony crime.† (Healy) So then who pays for the crime of someone getting hurt? Simply because it is now legal does not mean that it is a get out of jail free card. That is only an excuse to get away with it because at the end of the day the explosion still occurr ed and people got hurt. More and more accidents like this will occur if other states legalize the use of Marijuana. As I have said, the use of marijuana also alters ones reasoning and

The Effect Of Fluid Shifts On Cardiovascular Responses

Effects of Fluid Shifts on Cardiovascular Responses Introduction In the human body, the flow of blood through vessels is determined by pressure differentials and vascular resistance. There a number of feedback systems which are responsible for the regulation of arterial pressure, dependent on autonomic nerves and circulating hormones. Moreover, depending on the region of the body the vascular resistance is influenced by; level of sympathetic vasomotor nerves, levels of hormones and local factors including metabolites and endothelial factors. Additionally, resistance is dependent on the length of vessel and inversely with diameter; larger driving force equals faster flow, and increasing resistance hinders flow. The equation below conveys the relationship between pressure, resistance and flow. Flow = Pressure à · Resistance The main factors determining blood flow resistance are; 1) viscosity of blood; 2) length of conducting tube and; 3) radius vessel. The equation below represents Poiseuille’s law articulating the interaction between pressure gradient, resistance, and flow in a cylindrical vessel. Flow = Pressure Gradient x Vessel Radius à · Vessel Length x Fluid Viscosity The viscosity of blood along a vessel remains almost constant. Therefore, the radius of the vessel is the most important factor in relation to affecting the blood flow. If the radius of the vessel was to be halved, the flow would be decreased by 16-fold; and, doubling the radius increases the volume by a factorShow MoreRelatedDescription And Description Of The Diagnosis1424 Words   |  6 Pagesconnections between cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, cerebrum, pneumonic, and vasculature structures. Despite the fact that Hyponatremia can start from a variety of predecessors, instances of fluid and electrolyte irregularity s incorporate essential periphery vasculature forerunners. The key structures included in a circumstance of hyponatremia incorporate vessels, channels, interstitial fluid, and additionally the cells cytoplasm (Al-Salman, Kemp, Randall, 2002 ). Fluids within our bodies areRead MoreIntegrating Burns And Infection Control1728 Words   |  7 PagesBurns are an everyday occurrence in the New Zealand context. There is a considerable amount of documentation outlining the causes and the effects on New Zealand society. This documentation highlights a concern that children number highly in the statistics. What follows is a brief outline of the incidence of burns in New Zealand and the pathological effects of burns on the human body in general, followed by how attending emergency crew would deal with a burn victim. ______________________________________________________________________Read MoreSepsis a Case Study3119 Words   |  13 Pagesessay is to analyse the care of a septic patient. While discussing the relevant physiological changes and the rationale for the treatment the patient received, concentrating on fluid intervention. I recognise there are other elements to the Surviving Sepsis Bundles, however due to word limitation; the focus will be on fluid intervention. The essay will be written as a Case Study format. To maintain patient confidentiality any identifying features have been removed in keeping with the Nursing andRead MoreExercise Body Systems ( M. Hughes1648 Words   |  7 Pages Exercise The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood vessels and the blood, this enables to body to respond to exercise. When exercising there will be an increasing muscle contraction, increased body temperature, and heart rate and increase in breathing rate. As the body gets used to regular exercise, there will be more positive effects for example larger hearts, denser bones and having an ability to breathe deeply. http://www.livestrong.com/article/123164-effects-exercise-body-systems/Read MoreThe Gastrointestinal Tract, The Immune System And Mental Health1049 Words   |  5 PagesLikewise, changes in the microbiota are implicated in the increasing tendency for a broad range of inflammatory diseases such as allergic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and the presence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) for instance, cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes. Studies have suggested strategies that would regulate the intestinal microbiota for reducingRead MoreAddison s Disease : Lauren E. Brown1641 Words   |  7 Pagesproduces a group of hormones called corticosteroids which also includes hormones such as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. The purpose of glucocorticoids is to convert food fuels into energy, help with the immune system’s inflammatory response and also help the body to respond to stress. Mineralocorticoids also include aldosterone, which helps maintain the body’s balance of sodium and potassium. Finally, androgens are male sex hormones that cause sexual development in men, and have anRead MoreStandards Terminology Paper : Nursing Intervention Classification And The Nursing Outcome Classification1493 Words   |  6 Pagesat 36.5 C, respiration rate at 18, oxygenation at 97% on room air, pulse rate at 88, blood pressure at 123.84 on right arm, height at 152 cm, and weight at 46 .6 kg. Admitting physician orders were: vital signs checks every 2 hours, normal saline fluid running at 100 ml per hour, ECG, CT scan of abdomen and lungs, regular diet, activity as tolerated, sputum culture, respiratory treatment, and Chem 8 with differential. CT scan showed bilateral infiltrates and possible masses. ECG showed normal sinusRead MoreHomeostatic Mechanisms That Maintain Body Fluid Levels Essay4196 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿ Body fluids are maintained at a constant level by several homeostatic mechanisms: Osmosis- is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane known as a plasma membrane. Water is highly polar it is repelled by the lipid core (nonpolar) of the plasma membrane but can easily pass through the aquaporins created by the proteins in the membrane, so osmosis is happening all the time as water moves into and out of cells. Diffusion- Is where ions move away from an area where theyRead MoreCase Study On Acute Pulmonary Oedema Secondary1758 Words   |  8 Pagesassessment finding that had him admitted to intensive care unit. Briefly discussing the patients’ pathology results scans and as well as drug treatments to correct electrolyte imbalances. Furthermore discuss the effects of age related physiological effects on respiratory, cardiovascular and renal system and lastly the pathophysiology and treatment on opioid toxicity, acute renal failure and acute pulmonary oedema. Mr Brown is a 76 year old male, which presented to the emergency department via ambulanceRead MoreRespiratory Distress And The Respiratory System4079 Words   |  17 Pagesof the autonomic nervous system. The ANS interprets impulses from the peripheral and central chemoreceptors and the lungs receptors and transmits impulses to the respiratory muscles to either contract or relax. Lastly, in conjunction with the cardiovascular system, blood is moved into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs and into the rest of the body?s tissues and organs by perfusion. Oxygen is transported with the blood by binding to the hemoglobin, without hemoglobin oxygen is unable to

Multi-Modal Essay free essay sample

An expert professor David Crystal has supported the idea of web-based messages and disagrees with the view that slang and contractions leads to a lower English standard of language. Although this is a benefit to most people, it has been abused by some people by overusing it and different ‘language’ while typing, which cause differentiation in the way we speak and the way we write. The current views are pointing at the fact that this is causing a pejoration in this generation’s language which could badly affect their and our future; destroying the conventions of Standard English. This essay will evaluate the similarities and differences between spoken language and web-based messaging such Facebook and many more. In my research, the fifth data set is a conversation between two teenage girls. Data two is the seventh online messaging and is a conversation between two grown up men. There is vast difference both the conversation due to their age and Socialect. For instance, in the fifth data, the conversation is between the two teenage girls begin with the use of logograms; â€Å"r u okay? † and also uses an emoticon to end her message;†XO†. This shows that the teenagers are influenced by their colleagues at school or could be the way in which people speak in their demographic that would affect how they talk to people. By using emoticons, it shows how the teenagers can be creative by making up symbols to use such as 🙂 for a smile. The message is then carried on by the next participant replying as â€Å"not really†¦x†. There is a use of an ellipsis, and it could be used to signify the meaning that the message is continuous even though there is nothing written after it. The same participant also states â€Å"dunno tbh but somethings up with my stomach/ribs :/ idk I didnt know ya liked her. †. She uses initialism to shorten the time to type this message. She also uses contractions as well to shorten the time taken to type this message. Emoticons are used at the end of the message. They are a good use as they can express what you are feeling through symbols. 1 1 The conversation in data two is between two grown up men. It begins with â€Å"Using iPad now as Samsung S3 on charge been thrashing it today†. There is no type of contractions or initialism used in this message. This is because the men are grown up and live in a demographic that doesn’t use any colloquialism† is the Samsung worth getting? † â€Å"I think so†. The analysis of the message shows that there are no contractions used to shorten the message and everything is used as Standard English as how somebody would speak which is an example of Received Pronunciation. Many people use a wide range of expressions or tailor diction in a subjective manner in order to demonstrate their feeling ‘related’ to spoken language. For instance, the use of logograms in a sign to represent what they are saying and thus sentences create meaning. In spoken language, one would express one’s emotions; however in the written form one uses logograms to communicate what one is saying in a succinct way. The similarities between speech and writing are that they are both spontaneous although speech is usually more spontaneous because written discourse is usually more direct. Usually we make mistakes while speaking and some people use colloquialism while speaking just like they do when they write. Spoken and written language both use reiteration as well as fillers of hesitation like ‘umm’ or ‘err’. Some of the differences between spoken and written forms are that, written language uses many merges (two words combined that does not exist); some people may make up words in spontaneous speech by being a neologist; this is creative and shows that the youngsters are creating their own dynamic culture. Written language today uses more acronyms like ‘ttyl’ and ‘lol’ which would not make sense if you are speaking those words out loud. On the other hand, contractions like that would never come up in a spoken conversation. Written language uses a plethora of emoticons; ‘emotion’ ‘icons’ are a range of smileys with different expressions and feeling to show how one is feeling. However, this new mode of communication has destroyed the established norms of grammar. This is so because many individuals clip words into graphemes by creating their own reality. Moreover, due to a deviation to sentence structure, syntax and the use of punctuation, languages are losing their linguistic identities. Most unimpressively, nowadays, many people are even unable to spell words correctly due to the powerful influence of Skype, twitter and Facebook, with in turn provides a platform for people to unleash their own linguistic creativity. As a result of this, each individual chosen to communicate in a specific manner. 2 2 In conclusion, I think that the communications through internet is related to speech whether it makes sense or not. Unplanned speech is very much connected to the communications through internet, texting and messaging because when we speak, we don’t use the spelling technique. The main difference is that most written language is intended to be read by someone who is separated from the writer in space and time. Therefore to communicate successfully, it has to be a lot clearer than spoken language used in a face to face conversation, because the reader cannot ask the writer for clarification. Although some written genres such as texts and e-mails are very similar to spoken language, in general, written language is more dense (more content words in a smaller space) uses more subordinate clauses and has less redundancy (words like sort of, like, you know, yeah? ).

Capital Budgeting Considerations Free Solution by Experts Click Now!

Question: Write a script to describe capital budgeting considerations that you think are important for managers to consider? Answer: Capital budgeting: To start with the idea, capital budgeting is defined as the process or method of planning for any new project on assets with cash flows within a period that is greater than one year. The importance of capital budgeting includes the long-term investment of the capital of the fund tied into the project losing some of the flexibility during the specific period. Before making any investment, the manager of the firm needs to forecast the revenue over the future period of time. As something, say, a dollar today may yield higher return in future. Thus the long lengthen projects involve capital budgeting decisions to define the strategic plan of the economy. The two concepts must be considered of which one is numeric and another one is non-numeric i.e. quantitative. The numeric part is the division of capital budgeting when we are provided with the information to estimate the funds for capital spending needs. Taking care of the long term financial statements to invest into the organization should be cumulated as well. The net present value also named as NPV is something that we consider as a numeric factor. This can be used by taking the initial investment deducting from the value at present of future cash flows. The non-numeric part of the financial budget accounting is the planning part. The information is gathered by questioning people and by taking sample survey with observations by evaluating the budget request and the best options are provided. Both the numeric and non-numeric perspectives of capital budgeting are equally useful as well as important. References: Hickman, K. A., Byrd, J. W., and McPherson, M. (2013). Essentials of finance. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc.

Individual Lesson Plan Life Cycle of a Butterfly Essay Example

Individual Lesson Plan: Life Cycle of a Butterfly Essay Introduction: In this lesson. 2nd grade pupils will take part in a category on the life rhythm of a butterfly. Students will larn standards-aligned scientific discipline constructs and besides profit from cross-curricular direction. through the incorporation of reading. composing. and hands-on activities. These modes will be used to assist pupils understand the construct of the life rhythm and do real-life connexions to the human life rhythm. The lesson will last for about 45 proceedingss. The lesson will be taught within a little suburban school of about 650 pupils. runing from kindergarten to 5th class. The school presently is having Title 1 financess. with 70 % of its pupils on free or reduced breakfast and tiffin. The school is presently in good standing and has met AYP for the past two old ages. There are a sum of 20 pupils in the category. which displays the undermentioned demographics: 50 % Caucasian. 20 % Afro-american. 20 % Hispanic and 10 % Asiatic. The category distribution includes 12 male childs and 8 misss. and a sum of 5 ELLs. Two pupils have an active IEP. and five pupils have been identified as talented and talented. The linguistic communication degree of the pupils is classified as the elementary or intermediate degree of English linguistic communication proficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Lesson Plan: Life Cycle of a Butterfly specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Lesson Plan: Life Cycle of a Butterfly specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Lesson Plan: Life Cycle of a Butterfly specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Description of Lesson: Lesson: Butterfly Life Cycle Time Allotment: This lesson will be taught in one 45 minute category period. Contented Aims: By the completion of this lesson pupils will run into two aims. Students will be able to place the four life rhythm phases of a butterfly. Besides. all pupils will be able to name the phases of the butterfly life rhythm in order. Language Aims: The 2nd class pupils will besides run into two linguistic communication aims by the terminal of this lesson. Students will place the Grecian roots of certain vocabulary words. Students will besides specify the term compound words . State Standards: The pupil will look into and understand that workss and animate beings undergo a series of orderly alterations as they mature and grow. ( Grade two content scientific discipline criterions. 2007 ) . Cardinal Vocabulary: In this lesson pupils will go familiar with a assortment of cardinal vocabulary words to include the undermentioned: Egg-shaped egg. caterpillar. larva. metabolism. chrysalis. pupa. imago. fore-wing. wingtip. hindwing. border. venters. thorax. proboscis. aerial. and flying base. Materials: Students will utilize several stuffs in order to finish this lesson. which are listed as the followers: paper bag. little fictile representations of butterfly phases to set in paper bag. KWL in writing organiser. computing machine Stationss with internet entree for ESL pupils. clay. utensils to carve into clay. Grecian root/compound word designation assessment sheet. life rhythm phase and organic structure portion labeling assessment sheet. SIOP Features: This lesson will use the undermentioned SIOP characteristics: ————————————————- SIOP Features: ————————————————- PreparationScaffoldingGrouping Options ————————————————- ___ Adaptation of Content_X_ ModelingX Whole Class ————————————————- _X_ Links to Background___ Guided practice___ Small Group ————————————————- _X_Links to Past Learning___ Independent PracticeX Partners —————— ——————————- ___ Schemes Incorporated_X_ Comprehensible Input___ Independent ————————————————- ————————————————-

Tips for Concentration in Homework Preparation

Tips for Concentration in Homework Preparation No Distraction Homework: Tips on How to Make It Work Like it or not, but homework still makes an inevitable part of school routine and students have to deal with it. Sometimes inspiration comes fast, and it is possible to accomplish tasks relatively easy and without procrastination. But on most days, homework just won’t let you handle it by evading your efforts through numerous distractions and temptations, not to mention fatigue. Is there any medicine against this disease that will end your fighting with parents over homework and will relieve your guilt about not doing it right now? Well, unfortunately, no one has invented the pill to cure this trouble yet, but there is another way to alleviate your struggles. It can be named not medicine but procedures and routines that you can develop – and easily set yourself into working mood every day. But what if nothing helps at all? Then we welcome you to our site where experts in various academic fields can provide assistance and write assignments of every possible kind. So one way or another, we’re going to pull you through this daily drudgery. Getting into the Mood First of all, you should attune your mind to tasks at hand, and the rest will follow. Once you learn to persuade yourself to work and learn what ways of motivation and scheduling work for you, stick to them. Basically, you have to hit two major goals: weed out distractions and bring in your natural capacities that will boost productivity. These goals consist of several small and clear steps (you do them or learn them once and then set up a routine): Observe closely what exactly distracts you; Give yourself moments of thinking chaos; Set priorities and stick to them; Use your levels of energy; Put devices far away (if you cannot turn them off for some reason); Give yourself breaks; No multitasking; Reward yourself for accomplishing tasks. Now a bit more details about every step. To get rid of distraction you should know what they are. Dedicate some time during your homework sessions to noticing and recording what annoys you or pushes you off your track. If at home, it is TV speaking loud, parents talking, siblings playing games? If you work in a library, is it someone texting, pushing chairs, using messengers in loud mode? At home, you can ask your parents and siblings to keep quiet or close the doors, in a library the only thing you can do is use headphones with relaxing sound to keep distractions off. Thinking chaos follows us everywhere, it is a state of mind when your thoughts race around and concern everything at once. Keeping focus is hard, but it is a valuable skill. You can switch between focusing on tasks and giving yourself a moment of thinking chaos, and so keep the balance. You cannot avoid this chaos, but you can keep it at bay. Setting priorities is a commonplace (but valuable one): begin with more important and end with less important things. The energy level is usually high at the beginning of work or at some point not far from this beginning. You warm up your mind, focus, get the grip of the tasks and go. So plan the hardest parts for this energy peak, and go easier on yourself towards the end of the working session. Yes, devices are enemies of homework. You may tell yourself that you need them to ask friends about something related to school, but let’s face it: you just want to browse and chat. No way. Keep devices in other room and work. If you desperately need to change focus, try reading pages from a different assignment, or looking in the window. But no gadgets, please. It is directly linked to breaks in work. Do some exercise, get out of the house, talk to mom, but do not touch gadgets. They will not let you go back to work. Yes, it is better to do one thing at a time. If you try to combat your homework all at once, like reading textbooks for one class, writing a paper for another, and repeating stuff for a test for yet one more class, you will fail at everything. So do it one by one. This is a foolproof strategy. Yes. Rewards. Keep yourself motivated not by guilt but by positive stimuli. Have a snack, cuddle with a pet or find some other way to reward yourself when you have completed yet another task. Environment for Work Is a Key Not everything depends on your willpower, though. Place and time of your work matter as much. It is easy to say – make yourself a comfortable room, but not everyone has a room to oneself, it’s true. But you can work out a place where you feel comfortable and have access to computer and supplies like books, pens and paper, and where most distractions are removed. It can be your bed, a table in your room or in the kitchen, or even a floor nest complete with a bean bag. Just have this spot, and know that this is your sacred working cave. Have enough light and no loud noise. Sit comfortably, but not too sloppily (otherwise you will fall asleep). Time is also important. Of course, it is not possible to sit down to homework at fixed hours every day because you have other extracurricular activities, but keeping at least an approximate schedule is also good. If you know that you start doing it at about 6 or 7 p.m. every day, then you get in the right mental track even before you arrive home or pull out your books and handouts. So, proper place, time, change of activities and small incentives will work wonders. 7 Steps to Homework Without Procrastination Now some more tips on how to move to homework matters and proceed without extreme stress. Make a habit of your homework. Do not skip days and do not do it at a different time every day. Keep it scheduled and regular, and like with everything else, the habit to do homework will set in in 21 days. Keep a calendar crossing out these three weeks day by day – it is also a kind of motivation. Plan ahead. Yes, keep track of weekly assignments and distribute your time and efforts so that you did not face one more paper to write when you assumed you were done with homework. Rule our distractions and annoying factors. As discussed, put away gadgets and mute noise. Stick to your study place. It motivates and helps you stay focused. Divide large assignments into steps. It is especially important with large projects that will not fit into one evening of work. Keep track of such assignments and schedule how you will accomplish them bit by bit every day. Today you research and copy articles and read chapters. Tomorrow you outline, pick sources and compile rough reference list. The day after tomorrow you write the first draft. Then edict and complete the final reference list. Otherwise, you can panic facing such an assignment on the eve of the deadline, and you can get too relaxed if the deadline is far. Eat this frog in small servings, but every day, and you will finish it without many efforts. Do not hesitate to change the order of work if you get stuck on a single task. If you feel bored to death, change activities. Take some other subject, have a break. Boredom is as unproductive as distractions. Let yourself get some rest, make small breaks. Your mind needs to relax from time to time to give it this opportunity. Even complex equipment does not work all the time and requires switching off or standby mode to cool down and reboot. You need rest too, just do not make it too long and do not get drowning in the virtual world. We hope that we covered all the major points that can keep you focused on work. Apply them one by one, and you will get into a routine of doing homework. But if urgent or not so urgent help is needed – mind, we are always here for you with our writing services. Just let us know you need them.

Business Marketing Channels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Marketing Channels - Essay Example Hence, a business marketing channel can be described as a group of interdependent businesses working together right from the product or service source to the endpoint – in this case the consumer – with the aim of delivering the services or products. From this definition, it is noted that a business marketing channel does not involve one business but a group of interdependent businesses. Interdependent means that the businesses involved rely on other members to function and that one member alone is not enough to define a business marketing channel. This interdependence is a fundamental feature of a business marketing channel, where all businesses work together to ensure that their products and services are delivered at the right time and to the right place (Rosenbloom, 2011). It is evident that a business marketing channel is a process that takes time to complete. Even when the process is completed, a connection is built up between the business and the consumer. Two ques tions arise: 1) Why do businesses use business marketing channels? , and 2) What roles do they perform? This paper seeks to answer these questions through explanations and descriptions that pertain to business marketing channels. Companies usually collaborate with distributors. When a company produces a product or service, the company has to find means to deliver either to the consumer. It is for this reason that companies utilize marketing channels. Companies have to determine the most appropriate marketing channel. By using marketing channels, companies are able to obtain more marketing opportunities as the product or service is transacted along the marketing channel. On many occasions companies make use of distributors (McDonalds & Wilson, 2011). A distributor can be another company that specializes in buying from the source company in large quantities and selling to others, in

Historical leaders (Harold Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Historical leaders (Harold Washington - Essay Example Harold Washington, who was the first black mayor Of Chicago, was one such leader. His election was one of the single most important events in the Chicago's long and illustrious history (Preston, 1983). Born on April 15, 1922, Washington ascended the throne of the Mayor in 1983, and served until his death in 1987. Harold Lee Washington grew in the Bronzeville neighbourhood of Chicago, which at that time, was a major black residential area. In 1942, when Washington was 19, he was sent to the war as an Air Force Engineer. Originally he volunteered to be a part of the combat unit, but blacks were not considered qualified for that job. He served the Air Force for three years, and it was during these years that he understood the intricacies of racial discriminations and prejudices. This treatment also helped shape Washington's views on racial injustice and democracy. In 1946, Washington joined the Roosevelt College, which proved to be the brooding ground for his political activities. Immediately after joining the college, he became intensely involved with the activities and societies in college. He chaired a fund-raising drive by students, and then was named to a committee that supported citywide efforts to outlaw restrictive covenants, which were the legal means by which minorities were prohibited from leaving their ghettos. (Levinsohn 1983). It was here that he truly developed his leadership skills. His cool and composed character was revered by his colleagues, one of them once said that he had a "remarkable ability to keep cool, reason carefully and walk a middle line". He always declared his political boundaries, and never indulged in extreme activities. He treated his opponents with mutual respect, and never insulted their ideology. With the opportunities found only at Roosevelt College in the late 1940s, Washington's time at Roosevelt prov ed to be a pivotal point in his life and the city's history. (Levinsohn 1983). Thus one can see that he resourcefully utilised every opportunity that Roosevelt offered to him. At a relatively young age, he had already equipped himself with the tricks of the political game, and this knowledge assisted him greatly in his future political career. After earning his Bachelor's degree from Roosevelt College, Washington studied law at Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago. He continued his political engagements here, and was soon elected the treasurer of the Junior Bar Association, in spite of being the only black in his class. (Miller 1989). Soon after completing his professional education, Washington began working for Olympic athlete, Ralph Metclaffe in the offices of the third ward. While working under his ward boss, Washington began organising the 3rd Ward's Young Democrats Organisation on the sidelines. The Young Democrats pushed for various black centric resolutions and eventually gained popularity. Once again, Washington succeeded in walking the middle line, thus avoiding any sort of radicalism. Simultaneously, he also managed to make his and the YD's voice heard. Thus, by employing the tactics he had learned at Roosevelt, Washington continued to tread the political ladder slowly but steadily. One must also remember that these were the 1960's, when The Civil Rights Movement was at its very peak. The African

The market for Cancer vaccines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The market for Cancer vaccines - Essay Example Geography is also a decisive factor in the case of market characteristics of cancer vaccines as the demand is global and the producing countries are few which results in geographical constraints as the importing cost is involved. The key obstacle to enter this market includes the likes of authoritarian problem, compensation related matters, high cost implicated in manufacturing an oncology product, and government cost repression measures. Also, fear over the effectiveness and side effects of the vaccine of cancer is appearing to be the barrier in the growth of cancer vaccine market (Findlay, â€Å"Cancer vaccine - A giant leap in cancer treatment†). Incentives as such depend on the country where it is being produced. The research and development work related to the cancer vaccine is very expensive which calls for government subsidies and the incentives are correlated with these. Gears to help authorize cancer patients to assess research studies for which they may be entitled which includes the OncoLink/EmergingMed Clinical Trials Matching Service, which persuades patients to look for and consider medical test for the treatment of cancer. A channel to help one to navigate the territory of corresponding and substituting medicine with instructions and warnings on treatments such as vitamins, herbals, chemicals, acupuncture, diet, meditation and body-mind therapy. It comprises that the preliminary information relating to photodynamic therapy (PDT); an original cancer treatment which works by revealing a photosensitizing medicine to precise wavelength of light to kill cancer cells. Proton therapy is a highly developed form of radiation therapy that is at present in use at a limited number of centers worldwide. Protons are different from straight radiation because the beam can significantly diminish normal tissue revelation to surplus radiation. In today’s world, medical science has come of ages and quite a

The Effect Of Pokemon On Childrens Culture

The Effect Of Pokemon On Childrens Culture The impact on childrens culture of anime, manga, video games and trading cards of Pokà ©mon Japans popular culture industry is very vigorous in recent years. The popular culture consists of anime, manga, video games and trading cards. These media have a great impact on childrens culture in Japan and also other countries. Pokà ©mon is a very successful case. Pokà ©mon first appeared in the game of the Nintendos Game Boy, and then quickly diversified into manga, anime, movies, trading cards and toys in those years, and Pokà ©mon phenomenon is appeared in Japan in 1996. These products revolved mainly around children and youths and had impacts on them. This essay will examine the impact of Japanese popular media culture on childrens culture using Pokà ©mon as an example. The impacts which will discuss in this essay are effects on childrens literacy, the social effects, effects of addiction and violence. I will use two case studies to argue some effects on childrens literacy. Data have been collected from two articles. The author of the articles was a primary school teacher and she collected data from the classes she was teaching. Besides childrens literacy, there are many impacts in other aspects. Furthermore, negative impacts are much more than positive impacts. This will be discussed at the end of the essay, also the future of childrens culture under the influence of Japanese popular culture. The anime Pokà ©mon is diversified from its video game. This anime talks about Satoshi, a 10 years old boy, and his friends travels the world catching Pokà ©mon and battling Pokà ©mon trainers. This is the primary source of the essay. Allison, A. 2004. Cuteness as Japans Millennial Product. In: Tobin, J. Pikachus Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokà ©mon. Durham: Duke University Press: 34-52 Anne Allison is a Professor of cultural anthropology at Duke University in the United States, specializing in contemporary Japanese society. Her current research is on the recent popularization of Japanese childrens goods on the global marketplace and how its trends in cuteness, character merchandise, and high-tech play pals are remaking Japans place in todays world of millennial capitalism. In Cuteness as Japans Millennial Product, she finds that Pokà ©mon is a successful case of childrens entertainment product with media mixes. Its success follows the previous waves of successful Japanese products which started in the late 1980s, and have impacted childhood consumption around the world. These products impacted childrens lifestyle in new interactive ways. Pokà ©mon is game-based makes it more interactive than a mere anime or movie. This article provides information that supports my arguments, children buy lots of Pokà ©mon-related products other than video games or comics, and Po kà ©mon create or facilitate a common culture among children. Arthur, L. 2001. Popular Culture and Early Literacy Learning, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 2(3): 295-308 Dr Leonie Arthur is a senior lecturer in early childhood education at the University of Western Sydney. She has taught in long day care, preschool and school and is an active member of a number of peak early childhood organizations, including Early Childhood Australia. She currently works with undergraduate and postgraduate students at the University of Western Sydney in areas of early childhood curriculum and literacy. This article reports on research findings which indicate that while childrens home and community literacy experiences and texts are increasingly digital and connected to popular media culture experiences and texts in educational settings are predominantly book-based and generally exclude popular media culture. In practice, childrens literacy is affect by television, videos, computers, comics, trading cards and magazines rather than childrens books. It also examines the role of popular media culture in childrens lives. This article provides support for my arguments whi ch related to childrens literacy and violence: media restricts childrens creativity and promotes violence. Buckingham, D. and Green, J.S. 2003. Structure, Agency, and Pedagogy in Childrens Media Culture. Culture and Society 25(3): 379-399 David Buckingham is the Professor of Education and Director of the Centre for the Study of Children, Youth and Media at the Institute of Education, London University. His research is on childrens and young peoples interactions with television and electronic media. Julian Sefton-Green is the Head of Media Arts at WAC Performing Arts and Media College, an informal learning centre in North London, England. He has researched and written widely on many aspects of media education and new technologies. The authors point out that Pokà ©mon as a phenomenon is a controlled and calculated commercial strategy aimed manipulatively at the childrens market. They examine some positive and negative effects of the Pokà ©mon phenomenon on children. Pokà ©mon engages children visually through television, video games and as consumers through the range of products available. This article provides information that support my argument, Pokà ©mon create common culture among children, makes children spend lots of money to collect valuable trading cards and children bully others to grab their cards. Ito, M. 2006. Japanese Media Mixes and Amateur Cultural Exchange. In: Buckingham, D. and Willett, R. Digital Generation: Children, Young People, and New Media. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 49-66 Mizuko Ito is a Japanese cultural anthropologist who is an Associate Researcher at the Humanities Research Institute at the University of California, Irvine. Her main professional interest is the use of media technology. She has explored the ways in which digital media are changing relationships, identities, and communities. She sees the move toward new media as an interaction between long-standing and emergent media forms, rather than a shift from old analog to new digital media; while most of the essay explores the low-tech media of trading cards and comic books, The article is about young peoples relationship to media. Ito argues that these analog media forms are being newly infected through digitally enabled sociality. She also examines the trading cards activities. This article supports my argument that children play trading cards class whenever they have time and a people as their competitor. Marsh. J. 2009. Writing and Popular Culture. In: Beard, R. and Myhill, D. and Riley, J. and Nystrand, M. The SAGE Handbook of Writing Development. London: SAGE Publication Ltd: 313-324 Jackie Marsh is Professor of Education and Head of the School of Education at the University of Sheffield. Her research focuses on the role and nature of popular culture in young childrens literacy development. She has conducted research projects that have explored children ´s access to new technologies and their emergent digital literacy skills, knowledge and understanding. This chapter examines the potential role that popular culture can play in writing curriculum in schools. She examines how popular culture affects children and young peoples written texts in classrooms. She considers the adaptation of out-of-school popular cultural writing practices for educational purposes, and explores the way in which these practices are challenging the boundaries of writing as it is instantiated in the curriculum. This article provides information that support my argument, popular culture restricts childrens creativity/ McDonnell, K. 2000. Kid Culture: children and adults and popular culture. Annandale: Pluto Press. Kathleen McDonnell makes her living writing in a variety of genres, from playwriting to junior fiction to social criticism. Besides her many books, she writes articles and opinion pieces for the Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, Chatelaine, Macleans, and Utne Reader, and also contributes to CBC Radio and Canada AM. Her plays have been produced throughout Canada. She explained that the reason she writes about children: I find that childrens stories are usually the best medium to express what I want to say; and about because I have a burning interest in kids and their culture, how they think and feel about the world theyre growing up in. The book explores children and popular culture and help adults better understand the role of popular cultures plays in childrens lives. Kathleen McDonnell offers a balanced and engaging perspective on the power and influence of childrens culture. This book supports my argument that trading cards encourage gambling addiction. McGray, D. 2002. Japans Gross National Cool. Foreign Policy. June/July 2002: 44-54 Douglas McGray writes about social and political issues, science, and culture for the New Yorker, This American Life, the New York Times Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, the Los Angeles Times, Wired, and Time. He is a contributing writer of Foreign Policy magazine. He spent the spring of 2001 in Japan as a media fellow of the Japan Society. In Japans Gross National Cool, McGray argues Japans street culture, from fashion to art to music, has become ever more vibrant and is having an unprecedented influence on the rest of the world. He analyzes what made Japan a superpower more than just a wealthy country. He examines the globalization of Japanese culture. This article provides information of how Japanese popular culture affects other countries. Squire, K. 2003. Video games in education. International Journal of Intelligent Simulations and Gaming (2) 1. Dr. Kurt D. Squire is an associate professor at University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Director of the Games, Learning Society Initiative, and best known for his research into game design for education. The article examines the history of games in educational research, and argues that the cognitive potential of games have been largely ignored by educators. Contemporary developments in gaming, particularly interactive stories, digital authoring tools, and collaborative worlds, suggest powerful new opportunities for educational media. Squire analyzes educational games refers to some checklists ad frameworks. He promotes case studies and design experiments as a research method that doesnt study isolated variables. He states that there are four concerns of video games, which are encouraging violent or aggressive behavior, employing destructive gender stereotyping, promoting unhealthy attitudes and stifling creative play. This article provides information that support my argument, popular culture restrict childrens creativity and children imitate violence in media. Willett, R. 2004. The Multiple Identities of Pokà ©mon Fans. In: Tobin, J. Pikachus Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokà ©mon. Durham: Duke University Press: 226-240. Dr Rebekah Willett is a lecturer in Education on the MA in Media, Culture and Communication and the MA in ICT at the Institute of Education. She is a member of the Centre for the Study of Children, Youth and Media. She has conducted research on childrens media cultures, focusing on issues of gender, literacy and learning. Willett discusses the multiple identities of Pokà ©mon fans. She uses a cultural studies model to make sense of the identity work children do in their story writing. She finds that Pokà ©mon thrives in childrens culture by providing a variety of subject positions for children to adopt as they perform and shift their identities in a variety of context in their daily lives. This article supports my argument, children use too much dialogue and insufficient amount of description when writing story because of popular culture, and children isolate others who do not familiar with Pokà ©mon. Willett, R. 2005. Baddies in the classroom: Media education and narrative writing. Literacy 39, 3: 142-148. Dr Rebekah Willett is a lecturer in Education on the MA in Media, Culture and Communication and the MA in ICT at the Institute of Education. She is a member of the Centre for the Study of Children, Youth and Media. She has conducted research on childrens media cultures, focusing on issues of gender, literacy and learning. This article relates findings from a classroom study focusing on childrens media-based story writing. The study examines how children write their own stories under the effects of media, that is, how they consume media and how they produce new media texts. Willett finds that childrens media-based stories make explicit some of implicit knowledge of new media forms. Baddies in the classroom: Media education and narrative writing provides information that support my argument, children write too much dialogue and insufficient amount of description, story with unpronounceable names and incomprehensible plots, also unnecessary violence.

My Eating Disorder - I Had a Problem with Food Essay example -- Person

My Eating Disorder - I Had a Problem with Food Everyone wanted to see me get fat, I was sure of it. For once in my life I had some semblance of control over my body in a way no else did. Managing my body took discipline and I was not going to have anyone interfere. I sat crouched in the small space between my parents’ bathtub and toilet, the cool white ceramic tiles reflecting the blonde of my hair, the tears that somehow managed to eke out of the eye ducts were streaming down my hot, mucus slathered face. In the corner behind the toilet, the dog hair swirled in little eddies, and the rim of the toilet had faint speckles of urine, unnoticeable to anyone not at eye level. The shower was on and the fan running as a distraction. Every once in awhile I would knock a bar of soap into the tub with a heavy thud or set a bottle down hard enough so that anyone listening at the door would be fooled and actually think I was in the shower. I used to vomit in the shower, pushing the chunks of food and bright colored foamy mucus down th e drain, but one night, in my hurry to clean up, I had not been able to push a slice of pickle down the drain grates and my mother found it. Pickles, raw vegetables, and spaghetti were the hardest foods to fit down the drain. As I basked in the hazy afterglow of my purge I tasted the blood, sweet and thick as it trickled down my throat and knuckles. Lately there had been more blood and my knuckles were forming bright red raised scaly patches, scarring over in thick nubs from the constant scraping against my teeth. After a meal or a drink I would wait ten agonizing minutes until I could leave the table and say I was taking a bath. Locking myself in the bathroom I would run the water, hover over the toilet... ...awed its way into my mind. For every plea food made to be eaten, and every moment my emaciated belly begged to absorb it there was an even louder voice in me that told me to deny it. There was a constant battle raging; food and my physical body on one side, my brain on the other side, telling me I was weak, fat, and a slob. The fear of food was only one small link to my anorexia. Although other emotional issues catalyzed my anorexia, starvation simply a manifestation of my deeper psychological problems, the fear and anxiety I felt around food was the most accessible avenue to understanding and explaining my condition. To admit my fear of food was not only a starting point from which to begin recovery, but it was also a point of personal acceptance, finally admitting to myself that I had become a prisoner in my own body, cowering from the voices screaming in my mind.

The Lady with the Pet Dog

Comparison of two stories of the same name A story of two lovers in an affair is never a simple thing to understand. Anton Chekhov original and Joyce Carol Oates’s updated version of â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† tells the story of two unhappy individuals trying to find love in a long lasting affair. Both versions of the story are similar in plot, but the different point of view allows readers to view the conflicts and emotions that each character faces, instead of just getting one side of the story. Although both stories follow the same plot, there are many differences that help readers understand the emotions of the protagonist.Chekhov’s version of â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† the main protagonist is a male named Dmitry Gurov. The third person point of view allows readers to only see how Gurov’s emotions throughout the story and not his love interest Anna. Gurov is an unfaithful husband and views women as the â€Å"inferior race† (Ch ekhov 205). He has been through many affairs in Moscow that he already knows that the affair will grow into an â€Å"extreme complexity† (205) and when the end comes a â€Å"painful situation is created† (205).In Oates version the protagonist is Anna, who is not as timid as she appears in Chekhov’s version. Anna doesn’t know what it feels like to have a bond with a person, because she can’t seem to connect with her husband. The affair allows Anna some freedom from her boring life and allows her to have some purpose in life. Yet she feels guilty for being in an affair with a stranger. The plot in Chekhov’s version is very straight forward being in chronological order, whereas Oates mixes the plot around starting with the climax first.They share the same climax of the theater, but in both stories Anna reacts differently when seeing her lover appear to see her. In Chekhov’s version, Anna is shocked by Gurov’s appearance. She tells him that she is suffering and thinks only about him, but wants to forget everything that happened. Yet she is knows she wants to be with him so she promises to see him in Moscow and tells him to leave. While in Oates’s version, Anna is shocked and very unpleased with seeing her lover, and makes sure he doesn’t come near her.Her lover then calls her, and we see that Anna get frustrated with him for calling her. We can see that Oates was trying to give Anna a little more power in the affair unlike Chekhov. The mix of the plot in Oates’s version I feel allows readers to really understand Anna and her emotions. It would’ve been easier to understand if it was in order, but Oates took the same story and updated it and wrote it in a way that made it much different from Chekhov’s. She gave Anna life and we got to see how the guilt ate at her, while Gurov wasn’t really affected as bad as she was in Chekhov’s.I had to read Oates’s story more than once to get the story into order, which allowed me to think more about Anna’s feelings more then I could do if I only read it once. In both stories the protagonist are stuck in unhappy marriages, but neither actually make an effort to divorce. The setting of Chekhov’s version takes place at the turn of the century, so I feel maybe divorce wasn’t an option for both characters then. Yet Oates had her story take place in the 1970’s, which happened to be a time of feminism, which to my surprise Anna never thought about leaving her husband for her lover.The confusing emotions from an unhappy marriage and guilt drove Anna crazy. She would ponder â€Å"this is fate†¦to be here and not there, to be one person and not another, a certain man’s wife and not the wife of another man† (222). We could tell she just wants to be accepted from someone, and that was her lover. The guilt of cheating even on a broken marriage drove her to tell he r lover that she wished that one of her men would die, so it could make things easier on her. In each story we find that the protagonist finds some sort of love in the end of the story.Chekhov’s character Gurov, sees his wife as â€Å"limited intelligence, narrow minded and dowdy† (205). Anna seems to be the opposite of his wife, which makes him even more attractive to her. Gurov has been in many affairs, but each time he was left lonely, because he was focused on looking for the sexual aspect of the relationship and not the emotional. Anna allowed him to open up emotionally, giving him someone to talk to. In the end Gurov knew he was growing old and that he truly for the first time actually loved someone.Oates’s Anna, has been through a lot of confusion never knowing who she loved. She almost commits suicide and gives up on her relationship. It takes her sometime, but she finally learns to accept her lover and the secrets. Anna was looking for her own identity and love, but she had to learn to love herself first before she could love anyone else. With the third person point of view we are limited to so much information, but Oates’s adaption sheds light on the other half of the story. A one sided story would’ve left readers with a lot of questions concerning Anna.It’s like they made the affair seem so easy in Chekhov’s version, but we find out that they struggled just like any couple would. Although the stories shared many similarities they did have their difference in approach. Works Cited Chekhov, Anton. â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog. † The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin;s 2009. 205-16 Oates, Joyce Carol. â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog. † The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin;s 2009. 219-31

Recipe for an Indispensable Executive Assistant [Infographic]

Recipe for an Indispensable Executive Assistant [Infographic] This executive assistant infographic from Convene is adorable and right on the mark! Since its already worth about a thousand words, Ill just call out a few of my favorite elements:Supersonic HearingThis is the benevolent flipside to the gate-keeper function. Sure, your job is to keep knucklehead stuff off your bosss desk, but you also get to bring the concerns of your colleagues to their attention, which can improve conditions for everybody.Battery PackHaving an extra battery in my bag to recharge my phone on the go has already changed my life. Especially if you have a special phone for work-related tasks, invest in an external charger (see if you can get it reimbursed as a business expense, even!). Theyre smaller and smaller every day, but lifesavers in the clutch.Titanium SpineKnowing how to stand up for yourself (and your boss), who to stand up to, and when, is a crucial soft skill for an executive assistant. Youve got to make decisions quickly and be able to defend them (though you should also maintain flexibility to accept constructive criticism when appropriate).

CEO Pay essays

CEO Pay essays STATUS REPORT: WHERE WE STAND ON CEO PAY Recently, in a report on current CEO pay, CEO compensation seems to have become a major issue. In recent years, boards have shifted the mix of executive pay away from cash and toward stock options. Stock options now represent 53% of CEO compensation packages compared to 40% a decade ago. Options averaged $5 million in 1999, up 17% from 1998. Among major firms, 1998 CEO compensation averaged $30.5 million, up 36% from $22.4 million in 1997. That includes salary, bonuses, value of restricted stock and assorted perks, gains from exercising stock options and the 12-month rise in value of unexercised options. According to a 1999 article by Ron Yezzi of Minnesota State University, corporate CEOs in the United States, on average, earn 32 times as much as comparable CEOs in Great Britain, six times as much as those in Japan, and four times as those in Germany. While it may seem initially outrageous for a CEO to make 100 times the salary of a typical worker at the company, some perspective is necessary. Unlike the CEO of a large corporation, the typical worker does not have to make decisions that affect thousands, or even tens of thousands of employees, answer to the stockholders who demand higher profits and higher stock value, grasp all the workings of the corporation and oversee an efficient managing team, and take continual risks to insure the corporations competitiveness in a free market economy. One major factor in the escalation of CEO income is the practice of tying CEO compensation to performance. For example, defenders of Michael Eisners mind boggling compensation point out that he took Disney from revenues of $1.5 billion in 1984 to $18.7 billion in 1996 and that the stock rose from three dollars per share to more than $75 per share during that time. Millard Dexler, CEO of apparel chain powerhouse, Gap, is another example of the relationship betwe...

Dont Kill the Rooster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dont Kill the Rooster - Essay Example The story gives an overview of two generations that have conflicting interests. The society expectations are kept under the test as the conversation between Sedaris and his brother. The writer uses a family set up to develop his comedy. Most people may consider his work as offensive due to the nature of language being used. The abusive words may limit the number of audiences willing to listen to the joke. It describes the manner in which a single vocabulary may mean differently across the age. The manner of presentation by the author may call for viewer discretion. On the other hand, those who are familiar with the terms may find the work funny taking less offense from the entire work. Nature provides room for divided opinions. A decision is made at different levels. The laughter that will be experienced after reading the piece may indicate the levels of acceptance. The target audience expects a unique characteristic of what the piece being presented with the delivery of the work bei ng left for them to judge whether it meets the desired standards. The offensive part of the comedy may be a temporary aspect as many may choose to adapt to the comedy. The title of the comedy makes the story to be comic. The title is ironic in nature hence the funny aspect appears in the title. The expectation of the reader may be lowered while reading the entire story where the structure changes to give room for a more complex approach the author. The storyline provides the writer to read along with his thought but differences may occur when a reader consider words used by his brother to be offensive. The writer’s choice to use offensive words is acceptable. Shannon describes the class of comedy to insult humor. The tool according to him plays part in gaining a larger number of audiences.

Life as a midwife (personal writing) Coursework

Life as a midwife (personal writing) - Coursework Example I was immediately roused from slumber and tried to grope for light from my bedside table. The clock ticked 2:05. Someone needs me! I rushed to peek through the hole who was bashing at this wee hour of the morning. I recognized my neighbor, Michael, a young adult barely out of his teens, who reportedly married his beautiful sweetheart, Christine, also in her teens because she was already three months’ pregnant then. Seems just like yesterday, I realized, six months have passed and it must have been the right time for the baby to come. â€Å"Sorry to disturb you madam but the baby is coming! Christine is in labor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Michael quipped. â€Å"Ok, I will be right there!† I replied. As I rushed to get my delivery equipment that is always prepared and ready. It only took me less than 5 minutes to put on a jacket on top of night clothes and don a slip on to prod me on my way. I knew the house as I pass there practically everyday. I give Christine her much needed and regular prenatal counseling to prepare her for the anticipated delivery of their first child. As I entered, the house was well lit and warm due to the intense feeling and emotions of the residents. Despite its meager surroundings, the atmosphere exuded of warmth, love and affection as if enveloping every visitor with an affectionate embrace. There was an aroma of coffee brewing by the kitchen door, supposedly where Michael was patiently waiting before the family decided to call me. Christine’s mother was at her bedside trying to comfort her, providing a wet, damp cloth to wipe her perspiration. When I arrived, Christine was already fully dilated. She was in intermittent pain and trying to keep her voice down as I prepared everything needed for the delivery. A midwife needs to be effective and competent in approach and in ensuring that the health of both the mother and the newborn child are not compromised. The delivery process was fast, precise and efficient. Before 3:00 a.m. , both Michael and Christine are proud parents of a healthy and equally beautiful baby girl. The small, crisp cries from the newborn reverberate through the silence of the night. Proper procedures were followed to clean and prepare the endorsement of the fragile baby to her proud mother, who was tired but obviously very happy and relieved. Michael was likewise pleased and beaming father assisting Christine to a more comfortable state with clean clothes being worn and freshly washed flowery beddings changed to ease both mother and baby to a blissful sleep. Life of a midwife is challenging but rewarding. I got the chance to remunerate on the training I had to go through as well as the role and responsibilities of my profession. According to NHS, â€Å"midwives often describe their job as 'privileged'. The role they have in preparing women for the delivery of new life makes them a vital presence during all stages of pregnancy, labour and the early postnatal period† (par. 1). Dur ing my training, I recognized the significant role of midwifes in child delivery in the United Kingdom (UK) where 75% of births have been acknowledged to have their physical presence (Giving Birth Naturally, par. 2). Because of the primary importance of midwives’ competencies in antenatal, labor, postnatal and neonatal care, the training and compliance with the pre-registration courses are required. I clearly remember my application to the

Ways of Seeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ways of Seeing - Essay Example This paper outlines that ways of seeing has seven essays that have been divided into two major forms. This includes; four essays that use words, images, and the remaining three that uses only images to illustrate given information or an idea. This book /video categorically illustrates that ‘seeing comes before words’. The way the child looks and recognizes before he or she can speak is an example that justifies the illustration that states that seeing comes before words. In another scenario, ways of seeing establishes the place in the surrounding world. We usually see the sun set in the evening and justify that the earth is turning away and this shows that explanation behind the scenario never quite fits the vista within our eyes. According to Fuery and Kelli, the key of dreams painting presentation shows how a gap exists between words and seeing.   From this essay it is clear that various scenarios have been portrayed in this book in regards to ways of seeing. The method of seeing however, encounters changes on an image perception. As established by various scholars, an image either can be recreated or reproduced to represent a set of appearance hence; suggesting that we use the word since all images are man-made. In regards to valuation of an image, it is therefore known that an image gives a value in response to its representation. In regards to the national gallery, the firm has reproduced several Leonardo’s cartoons like the Virgin and Child with St Anne and St.  

Fast food restaurant Essay Example for Free

Fast food restaurant Essay Introduction: Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. History: The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development. In ancient Rome cities had street stands that sold bread and wine. A fixture of East Asian cities is the noodle shop. Flatbread and falafel are today ubiquitous in the Middle East. Popular Indian fast food dishes include vada pav, panipuri and dahi vada. In the French-speaking nations of West Africa, roadside stands in and around the larger cities continue to Sell—as they have done for generations—a range of ready-to-eat, char grilled. Meat sticks known locally as brochettes. Market size and major players †¢Dominated by McDonalds having as many as 123 outlets. †¢Domino’s pizza is present in around 274 locations. †¢Pizza hut is also catching up and it has planned to establish 147 outlets at the end of 2009. †¢Subways have established around 145 outlets. †¢Nirula’s is established in Delhi and Northern India. However, it claims to cater 50,000 guests every day. It has future expansion plans for more than 50 outlets every year, for next three years. Major players in fast food †¢McDonalds 132 outlets †¢KFC 72 outlets †¢Pizza hut 147 outlets †¢Dominos Pizza 274 outlets †¢Cafe Coffee Day 833 outlets †¢Barista 200 outlets Fast food contains high amount of †¢Calories †¢Saturated Fat †¢Carbohydrates †¢Sugar †¢Sodium †¢Proteins Why do people eat it? ?Quick and Easy ?Tastes good ?Provides satiety and comfort? It’s everywhere Dual Income families ?Work day-away from home ?Shifts in Traditional Food habits ?High income urban dwellers ?Variety of choice of foods ?Home delivery, take-away restaurants, American chains INDIA EMERGING MARKET FOR GLOBAL PLAYERS The percentage share held by foodservice of total consumer expenditure on food has increased from a very low base drastically. Eating at home remains very much ingrained in Indian culture and changes in eating habits are very slow moving with barriers to eating out entrenched in certain sectors of Indian society. The growth in nuclear families, particularly in urban India has decreased drastically. India, exposure to global media and Western cuisine and an increasing number of women joining the workforce have had an impact on eating out trends. Major players of fast food in India †¢ Mc Donalds †¢ KFC †¢ Pizza hut †¢ Dominos Pizza †¢ Coffee day †¢ Barista Kentucky Fried Chicken About the Company KFC Corporation, or KFC, founded and also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC is a brand and operating segment, called a concept of Yum! Brands since 1997 when that company was spun off from PepsiCo as Tricon Global Restaurants Inc. KFC primarily sells chicken in form of pieces, wraps, salads and sandwiches. While its primary focus is fried chicken, KFC also offers a line of roasted chicken products, side dishes and desserts. Outside North America, KFC offers beef based products such as hamburgers or kebabs, pork based products such as ribs and other regional fare. The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952, Menu items. KFCs specialty is fried chicken served in various forms. KFCs primary product is pressure-fried pieces of chicken made with original recipe. The other chicken offering, extra crispy, is made using a garlic marinade and double dipping the chicken in flour before deep frying in a standard industrial kitchen type machine. Kentucky Grilled Chicken This marinated grilled chicken is targeted towards health-conscious customers. It features marinated breasts, thighs, drumsticks,and wings that are coated with the Original Recipe seasonings before being grilled. It has less fat, calories, and sodium than the Original Recipe fried chicken. Nutritional value KFC formerly used partially hydrogenated oil in its fried foods. This oil contains relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) filed a court case against KFC, with the aim of making it use other types of oils or make sure customers know about Trans fat content immediately before they buy food. Advertising One of KFCs latest advertisements is a commercial advertising its wicked crunch box meal. The commercial features a fictional black metal band called Hellvetica performing live, the lead singer then swallows fire. The commercial then shows the lead singer at a KFC eating the wicked crunch box meal and saying Oh man that is hot. In 2007, the original, non-acronymic Kentucky Fried Chicken name was resurrected and began to reappear on company marketing literature and food packaging, as well as some restaurant signage. KFC Business Strategy KFC fast-food chains are currently under the restaurant division of PepsiCo Incorporated. Some major threats include the changing attitudes of society toward healthier eating habits, KFC has more than 9,800 outlets located in 77 countries. In marketing, KFC restaurants are not restricted from locating within close proximity of other KFC restaurants. There are two alternative strategies for KFC. The first strategy involves keeping PepsiCo beverage division and snack foods division together, and a divestiture of PepsiCo restaurant division; selling Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC. MC Donald’s About the company: McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 31,000 local restaurants serving more than 58 million people in 118 countries each day. More than 75% of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. The strong foundation that he built continues today with McDonalds vision and the commitment of our talented executives to keep the shine on McDonalds Arches for years to come. To read more about McDonalds history, vision and executives, click on their links in the left menu. We drive our business momentum by focusing on what matters most to customers. Our owner/operators, suppliers and employees work together to meet customer needs in uniquely McDonalds ways. The powerful combination of entrepreneurial spirit and System wide alignment around our Plan to Win enables us to execute the best ideas with both large-scale efficiency and local flair. Products McDonalds predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken sandwiches and products, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items,and desserts. In most markets, McDonalds offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. Portugal is the only country with McDonalds restaurants serving soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia). Advertising. McDonalds has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games, and makes coolers of orange drink with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the companys advertising strategy. To date, McDonalds has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns. PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY I. Environmental friendly products cost high: Government is legislating laws in order to keep check on the fast food industry and it is emphasizing more on the usage of bio-degradable and environment friendly products. But associated with this issue is the problem that fast food player faces the cost associated with the environment friendly product. They cost much higher than the normal products that companies uses for packaging or wrapping their products. II. Balance between societal expectation and companies economic Objectives: To balance a society’s expectation regarding environment with the economic burden of protecting the environment. Thus, one can see that one side pushes for higher standards and other side tries to beat the standard back, thereby making it a arm wrestling and mind boggling exercise. Health related issues: obesity I. Studies have shown that a typical fast food has very high density and food with high density causes people to eat more then they usually need. II. Low calories food: Emphasis is now more on low calorie food. In this line McDonald has a plan to introduce all white meat chicken. Mcnuugget is with less fat and fewer calories. Swot analysis of fast food industry Strengths †¢Quick service †¢Affordable †¢AttractionWeakness †¢Different preferences †¢Lack of customization †¢Unhygienic and unhealthy Opportunities †¢Growing nuclear families †¢Growing urban lifestyleThreats †¢Oppositions from various organization †¢Location †¢Ready-to eat †¢Health concerns ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION 1. How often do you use fast-food services? a. Daily b. Weekly c. Fortnightly d. Monthly 2. Which fast food restaurant would prefer? a. McDonalds b. KFC c. Pizza Hut d. Subway 3. What are the reasons for eating fast food? (You can tick more than 1) a. Appearance of products b. Price of the products c. Flavor of products d. Convenience of the products 4. What else do you buy when purchasing fast food’? a. Carbonated (fizzy) drinks b. Coffee, tea c. Ice cream d. Crushers 5. What time would you normally buy fast food? a. Before 12 pm b. Between 12-3 pm c. Between 6-9 pm d. 10pm or later.

Berghaus’ Case Study :: Business Management Studies

Berghaus’ Case Study 1) Berghaus is very successful business having an annual growth rate of 25%. This indicates that there is an increasing demand for their products. They also have an export ratio of 50% meaning that their distribution rates are very good. Last year alone their per-tax profits were  £750,000 and a large amount of this money can, most probably, will be reinvested into the company for further development. Also, its pre-tax profits in 1991 were  £750,000 which is obviously not a small amount, Berghaus clearly mean business. By the sound of it, that number is only expected to increase in the years to come. It has an export ratio of 1988-9 of more than 50%, which is the vast majority, within the whole of Europe, meaning that its export increased by a great deal during those years specifically, and we assume it still increases in other years too, although maybe not as much as between 1988-9. 2) In the context of Berghaus, market differences mean many things. Berghaus currently conduct sales through large number of countries, from Germany through the United Kingdom and Switzerland, and as a result Berghaus have found out that the world cannot be treated as though as one market. Each country has its own customer preferences and may have certain social attitudes to a certain type of clothing, and these are known as market differences. Due to this Berghaus has to develop a certain product for a specific country and then modify that product or completely reconstruct it for another country. This as a result means higher costs are involved in research and development and also different advertising methods would have to be implemented. This market difference has meant Berghaus have had to operate quickly and efficiently to design, produce and distribute the product across all the parts of the world, beating all opposition and this is obviously very difficult for Berghaus. 3) There are many different reasons for the success of Berghaus, and these can be mainly divided into four parts, Production, Finance, Marketing and Management. Production is simply the fundamental part of the company, without it no product would exist to sell. Designing new products is what makes people want a certain product and Berghaus have strategically produced a wide range of products meaning that they will be able to successfully cover the different fields in the market. This means that they have more areas for money coming; by having more units and product innovation is an essential key t their success. Production has also been economised by the introduction automated production with continual processes. This allows an easy and flexible method to

History of Private Security

History of Private Security Cortez Jefferies Introduction to Security: Operations and Management Gayle Fisher-Stewart University Of Maryland University College 23 October 2011 Private security industry in the United States can be traced as far back as the mid nineteenth century, where they were primarily used to help fill the gaps created by public police forces in major cities that were just forming. Over the years the role of private security has changed, from its simplest form of protecting people, property, and information to a more complex form, of individuals and businesses that provide, for a fee, services to clientele to protect their persons, their private property, or their interests from various hazards. Early in its existence training for private security was non-existent or inadequate at best, over the years training has evolved and with that evolution came strict standards and guidelines. Unlike in Europe, where public law enforcement emerged out of private security, in the United States private security emerged out of public law enforcement. Europeans brought many of the methods they used to protect people and property with them when they immigrated to the United States in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The positions of constable, watchman, and sheriff were borrowed from the English and were used to establish the first system of public law enforcement in the United States. As rapid growth occurred in the West throughout the early 1800s, it became clear that constables and watchmen weren't going to be able to provide the expansive services necessary to protect people and their property (Stone, 2002). It wasn't until the late 1700s that municipal police agencies were implemented in major American cities. Established in 1844, the New York City police department provided twenty- four-hour police protection to its citizens. Thirty years later, most large cities had a similar system of public law enforcement; yet this system was not enough to keep pace with the rapidly growing American society (Stone, 2002). One of the first private security agencies to come into existence was Pinkerton's North West Police Agency in 1855. The agency offered private watchmen services for rail yards and industrial complexes. In 1859, Perry Brink started Brink's Inc. as a freight and package delivery service. A few decades later, Brinks Inc. evolved into the country's first armored car and courier service. By the early 1900s, numerous former federal agents and detectives had opened up their own private security companies to include the first burglar alarm service (Maine, 2011). Between 1929 and 1939, private security employment declined as a result of the Great Depression but rebounded between 1940 and 1945, due to the need to protect the United States infrastructure and military and industrial facilities during World War II, the use of private security increased. After World War II, private security once again began to grow, due to many returning veterans, with military police experience selecting police work and private security as occupations (Ortmeier, 2009). In 1955, a group of security professionals formed the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). Today, ASIS International’s membership exceeds 37,000, making it the preeminent organization for security professionals (American Society for Industrial Security [ASIS], 2011). Private security is a fast-growing industry. The Department of Labor predicts a healthy double-digit growth rate through 2016. Statistics on the number of individuals involved in this market are difficult to ascertain because of an extremely high turnover rate and because the term â€Å"security worker† admits of different interpretations. However, there are some credible approximations (Maine, 2011). The U. S. Department of Labor estimated the number of private security workers in 2007 at slightly over one million-about twice the number of police officers in the United States. Private security agencies themselves are often quite large. The largest security firm operating in the United states is Securitas, whose employees number more than 125,000 worldwide and whose revenues exceeded $7 billion in 2002. Human-Rights First estimate that there are almost 180,000 security workers in Iraq alone (Maine, 2011). The median wage for security workers in the United states is $10. 85 per hour ($22,570 per year), this might account in part for the high turnover rate. Salary seems to be proportional to risk. Blackwater security employees are alleged to have earned close to $1000 per day to guard U. S ambassador to Iraq Paul Bremer (Maine, 2011). Although training for the private security sector has come a long way over the years. Many of the personnel working as private security agents and guards are inadequately screened, trained, and supervised to ensure effective police work. Due to these reasons, there has been a big push for improvements in the quality of private security training. Private security organizations are being encouraged to pursue accreditations for the company as well as its employees. Private security organizations are being required to carry general liability insurance or that security personnel be bonded following a minimum level of training and certification, with the amount of training and size of bonding dependent on the degree of risk associated with the nature of the job (Forst, 2002) . Virginia Security officers are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an in-service with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security officer one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training n conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an in-service and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest for any offense committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hired to protect. They may also be granted t he authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court for felonies and misdemeanors. As the security field diversified in the 1980s and became more responsive to the needs of business, a management model quickly began to dominate how security was perceived and what its functions would be. Security practitioners and innovative business managers began to view the functions of security as an essential component of business. As a result, security departments were incorporated into the organizational culture of many companies, and security managers were hired to oversee the security department and work collaboratively with other department managers. Security managers began to be perceived as professionals in their field, and this helped to enhance the image of security personnel, giving them greater credibility with their colleagues and the public (Stone, 2002). Given this long and varied history, it is not surprising that private security continues to undergo significant changes in its form and function. Still, agreement among academicians and practitioners about what its form and function should be remains elusive. References Stone, Mischelle Taylor. (2002). Private Security. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n327 Forst, Brian. (2002). Police Privatization. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n307 Ortmeier, P. J. (2011). Introduction to Security: Operations and Management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Maine, E. W. (2011, March 6). Private Security Industry. American Business Organization. Retrieved from http://maerican-business. org/

Silas Marner Major Themes

Major Themes Class Silas Marner centers around two households, Marner's cottage by the stone-pits and the Cass manor, the Red House. These two settings represent class extremes, and the people of Raveloe know it. The cottage is the ramshackle abode of the lowliest member of Raveloe society; the manor is a sprawling home filled with gentry and a location for dances. Rather than set an impermeable boundary between these two worlds, Eliot stages many intersections between the two households. Dunstan Cass, who is a member of the moneyed class, enters Marner's home looking for money. Silas Marner, lowly and miserable, raises aSquire's granddaughter as his own child. Godfrey Cass, though he owns Marner's cottage at the end of the novel, is actually in the weaver's debt. These are just a few instances of the permeability of class boundaries in the novel. In Raveloe, strict boundaries of class do not necessarily lead to greater happiness among the higher classes. Indeed, those with money-or those who are supposed to have money-tend to be the most harried and corrupt characters, such as Dunstan, Godfrey, and even Silas before Eppie. The person most oppressed by circumstances in Silas Marner is perhaps Godfrey Cass, who finds himself at the ercy of a lower-class wife, who fails to have children of his own, and who ends up envying the bond of a lowly weaver and his daughter. Silas Marner and Eppie, on the other hand, though they do not have status or wealth, have power over the Casses and seem to enjoy unmitigated happiness. The Rainbow tavern and the church in Raveloe also serve as places where class differences are evident. The Rainbow becomes quite a different place when the â€Å"gentles† are having a dance; during these times (in Chapter Six, for instance), the lesser villagers, like Mr. Macey, reign over the Rainbow, telling stories all the while about the anded members of society. At the church, the important members of society sit in assigned seats at the f ront of the church while the rest of the villagers sit behind them and watch. In both these places, although everyone recognizes the status difference between the common villagers and the gentry, this difference does not seem to be a problem in Raveloe. The lower classes have not been fed the broth of revolt; they seem quite content. Meanwhile, the upper classes are not oppressive or cruel slave drivers like their factory- owning counterparts. In fact, the gentry rely upon the villagers to sincerely appreciate their mportance and value in the town. It is Mr. Macey, not Mr. Lammeter, who celebrates the history of the Warrens. And without the respectful, watching eyes of the villagers, the front-row seats in church would have less dignity. Thus, Silas Marner tends to represent class differences with historical accuracy. Eliot seems drawn to this pre-industrial era, when there was an easygoing class hierarchy in country towns. Compare the relatively class- indifferent respect that is s hown in Raveloe to the horrible factory in the manufacturing town that Marner and Eppie visit in Chapter Twenty-One. The industrial world treats the lower classes as inhuman ogs in the factory wheels. In Raveloe's trade-based society, meanwhile, each villager can play an important role in the success of the society. That is, the weaver is respected to some degree by the Squire if he weaves his linens well. Even so, one might reasonably argue that Eliot's idyllic depiction of happy peasants romanticizes the difficulties of the class differences in nineteenth-century England. Myth and Folklore Many critics of the novel fault its unrealistic situations and conclusions. They point out that Marner's conversion from a miserable old misanthrope to a loving father happens too quickly, and they argue that the end of the ovel has too much poetic justice, with every character getting a just reward. These critics hold the novel to a standard of realism that others see as inappropriate to Eliot' s goals in Silas Marner . Defenders of the novel argue that is is more like a fable, operating through the moral logic of a fairy tale in order to accomplish goals beyond merely representing reality. In fables, ballads, myths and fairy tales, sudden transformations, inexplicable coincidences and other such unrealistic plot devices are part of the magic. Novels need not read like documentaries. Silas Marner is a work of fantasy as much as it represents a deeper eality. While the plot reflects the novel's mythic character, there is also explicit reference to myth and legend throughout the novel. Weaving itself is a classic emblem of myths across cultures (see the Mythology and Weaving web site). Certainly Eliot was well aware of this emblem when she chose her protagonist and the activity of weaving. The story also has a strong Biblical undercurrent, recalling especially the stories of Job, King David, the expulsion from Eden, and Cain and Abel. And the author of Silas Marner expects r eaders to understand its many references to ancient mythology including the Fates and Arachne (a weaver ransformed into a spider–note the profusion of insect imagery describing Marner). The hearth, where Eppie is suddenly found, is an especially powerful image in Roman myth. Myth and superstition are active patterns in the village. Mr. Macey tells ghost stories about the Warrens and predicts the future. The villagers look with curiosity on wanderers such as Marner, perceiving that such persons belong to a separate, magical race with powers to heal or harm. These patterns contribute to the folkloric character of the work. Even while Silas Marner satirizes the superstitions of the villagers and offers a fairly realistic explanation or every â€Å"miracle† in it, the novel engages the mysteries of fate and love that characterize legendary literature. Memory George Eliot and William Wordsworth have a special affinity. In Silas Marner , more perhaps than in any of her other works, this affinity provides the root of the novel. Eliot even facetiously wrote, in a letter to her publisher, that she â€Å"should not have believed that any one would have been interested in [the novel] but myself (since William Wordsworth is dead). † Eliot uses poetry from Wordsworth as her epigraph, she quotes and echoes his language throughout the work, and she centers the redemption of her rotagonist on one of Wordsworth's favorite themes: memory. For Eliot and for Wordsworth, memory is not simply about â€Å"remembering† in the everyday sense; it is about the profound experience of owning one's own history, of embodying one's past. For example, in Silas Marner's redemption after finding Eppie, the first thing he thinks about is his long-lost baby sister, someone he has not thought about for at least fifteen years. In fact, Eppie's name was also his mother's name and his sister's name. Eppie does not merely allow Marner to move forward out of the meaningless cycle of weaving and mourning in which he is trapped at the time of er arrival, but she also allows Marner to recover elements of his own past. Many other motives are connected with memory. Marner's herb gathering, for instance, is something he learned from his mother, which he had forgotten until Eppie arrived. His healing process requires backward reaches into the positive, meaningful elements of his past. In the presence of Eppie, Marner's memory propels him to a richer future. George Eliot's own memory contributed to key elements of the novel. In a letter, Eliot writes that the novel unfolded â€Å"from the merest millet-seed of thought. † This little seed was her recollection f a stooped, old weaver walking along in the Midlands whom she happened to see one day long before she began the work. Eliot's enrichment of this scrap of her memory is much like the process of remembering in the novel. From a remembered gesture-such as gathering herbs with one's mother- one can unf old an entire horizon of value pertinent to the present. Memory, for both Eliot and her characters, is active and creative, more than a passive â€Å"storehouse† of knowledge and experience. In remembering we deepen our present life. One way to create the new is to refashion and reinterpret what we have recovered from old times and old meanings.

Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages

Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages When we think about daily life in the Middle Ages, we cannot ignore the death rate that, compared to that of modern times, was horrendously high. This was particularly true for children, who have always been more susceptible to disease than adults. Some might be tempted to see this high rate of mortality as indicative of either an inability of parents to provide proper care for their children or a lack of interest in their welfare. As we shall see, neither supposition is supported by the facts. Life for the Infant Folklore has it that the medieval child spent his first year or so wrapped in swaddling, stuck in a cradle, and virtually ignored. This raises the question of how thick-skinned the average medieval parent had to be in order to disregard the persistent cries of hungry, wet and lonely babies. The reality of medieval infant care is a trifle more complex. Swaddling In cultures such as England in the High Middle Ages, babies were often swaddled, theoretically to help their arms and legs grow straight. Swaddling involved wrapping the infant in linen strips with his legs together and his arms close to his body. This, of course, immobilized him and made him much easier to keep out of trouble. But infants were not swaddled continuously. They were changed regularly and released from their bonds to crawl around. The swaddling might come off altogether when the child was old enough to sit up on his own. Furthermore, swaddling was not necessarily the norm in all medieval cultures. Gerald of Wales remarked that Irish children were never swaddled, and seemed to grow strong and handsome just the same. Whether swaddled or not, the infant probably spent much of its time in the cradle when it was home. Busy peasant mothers might tie unswaddled babies into the cradle, allowing them to move within it but keeping them from crawling into trouble. But mothers often carried their babies about in their arms on their errands outside the home. Infants were even to be found near their parents as they labored in the fields at the busiest harvest times, on the ground or secured in a tree. Babies who were not swaddled were very often simply naked or wrapped in blankets against the cold. They may have been clad in simple gowns. There is little evidence for any other clothing, and since the child would quickly outgrow anything sewn especially for it, a variety of baby clothing was not an economic feasibility in poorer homes. Feeding An infants mother was ordinarily its primary caregiver, particularly in poorer families. Other family members might assist, but the mother usually fed the child since she was physically equipped for it. Peasants didnt often have the luxury of hiring a full-time nurse, although if the mother died or was too ill to nurse the baby herself, a wet nurse could often be found. Even in households that could afford to hire a wet nurse, it was not unknown for mothers to nurse their children themselves, which was a practice encouraged by the Church. Medieval parents sometimes found alternatives to breastfeeding their children, but there is no evidence that this was a common occurrence. Rather, families resorted to such ingenuity when the mother was dead or too ill to breastfeed, and when no wet nurse could be found. Alternate methods of feeding the child included soaking bread in milk for the child to ingest, soaking a rag in milk for the child to suckle, or pouring milk into his mouth from a horn. All were more difficult for a mother than simply putting a child to her breast, and it would appear that- in less affluent homes- if a mother could nurse her child, she did. However, among the nobility and wealthier town folk, wet nurses were quite common and frequently stayed on once the infant was weaned to care for him through his early childhood years. This presents the picture of a medieval yuppie syndrome, where parents lose touch with their offspring in favor of banquets, tourneys, and court intrigue, and someone else raises their child. This may indeed have been the case in some families, but parents could and did take an active interest in the welfare and daily activities of their children. They were also known to take great care in choosing the nurse and treated her well for the ultimate benefit of the child. Tenderness Whether a child received its food and care from its own mother or a nurse, it is difficult to make a case for a lack of tenderness between the two. Today, mothers report that nursing their children is a highly satisfying emotional experience. It seems unreasonable to assume that only modern mothers feel a biological bond that in more likelihood has occurred for thousands of years. It was observed that a nurse took the place of the mother in many respects, and this included providing affection to the baby in her charge. Bartholomaeus Anglicus described the activities nurses commonly performed: consoling children when they fell or were sick, bathing and anointing them, singing them to sleep, even chewing meat for them. Evidently, there is no reason to assume the average medieval child suffered for lack of affection, even if there was a reason to believe his fragile life would not last a year. Child Mortality Death came in many guises for the littlest members of medieval society. With the invention of the microscope centuries in the future, there was no understanding of germs as the cause of disease. There were also no antibiotics or vaccines. Diseases that a shot or a tablet can eradicate today claimed all too many young lives in the Middle Ages. If for whatever reason a baby could not be nursed, his chances of contracting illness increased; this was due to the unsanitary methods devised for getting food into him and the lack of beneficial breast milk to help him fight disease. Children succumbed to other dangers. In cultures that practiced swaddling infants or tying them into a cradle to keep them out of trouble, babies were known to die in fires when they were so confined. Parents were warned not to sleep with their infant children for fear of overlaying and smothering them. Once a child attained mobility, danger from accidents increased. Adventurous toddlers fell down wells and into ponds and streams, tumbled down stairs or into fires, and even crawled out into the street to be crushed by a passing cart. Unexpected accidents could befall even the most carefully watched toddler if the mother or nurse was distracted for only a few minutes; it was impossible, after all, to baby-proof the medieval household. Peasant mothers who had their hands full with myriad daily chores were sometimes unable to keep a constant watch on their offspring, and it was not unknown for them to leave their infants or toddlers unattended. Court records illustrate that this practice was not very common and met with disapproval in the community at large,  but negligence was not a crime with which distraught parents were charged when they had lost a child. Faced with a lack of accurate statistics, any figures representing mortality rates can only be estimates. It is true that for some medieval villages, surviving court records provide data concerning the number of children who died in accidents or under suspicious circumstances in a given time. However, since birth records were private, the number of children who survived is unavailable, and without a total, an accurate percentage cannot be determined. The highest  estimated  percentage I have encountered is a 50% death rate, although 30% is the more common figure. These figures include the high number of infants who died within days after birth from little-understood and wholly unpreventable illnesses that modern science has thankfully overcome. It has been proposed that in a society with a high child mortality rate, parents made no emotional investment in their children. This assumption is belied by the accounts of devastated mothers being counseled by priests to have courage and faith upon losing a child. One mother is said to have gone insane when her child died.  Affection and attachment were obviously present, at least among some members of medieval society. Furthermore, it strikes  a false  note to imbue the medieval parent with a deliberate calculation of his childs chances of survival. How much did a farmer and his wife think about survival rates when they held their gurgling baby in their arms? A hopeful mother and father can pray that, with luck or fate or the favor of God, their child would be one of at least half of the children born that year who would grow and thrive. There is also an assumption that the high death rate is due in part to infanticide. This is another misconception that should be addressed.   Infanticide The notion that infanticide was rampant in the  Middle Ages  has been used to bolster the equally erroneous concept that medieval families had no affection for their children. A dark and dreadful picture has been painted of thousands of unwanted  babies  suffering horrible fates at the hands of remorseless and cold-hearted parents. There is absolutely no evidence to support such carnage. That infanticide did exist is true; alas, it still takes place today. But the attitudes toward its practice are really the question, as is its frequency. To understand infanticide in the Middle Ages, it is important to examine its history in European society. In the  Roman Empire  and among some Barbarian tribes, infanticide was an accepted  practice. A newborn would be placed before its father; if he picked the child up, it would be considered a member of the family and its life would begin. However, if the family was on the edge of starvation, if the child was deformed, or if the father had any other reasons not to accept it, the infant would be abandoned to die of exposure, with rescue a real, if not always likely, possibility. Perhaps the most significant aspect of this procedure is that life for the child began  once it was accepted.  If the child was not accepted, it was essentially treated as if it had never been born. In non-Judeo-Christian societies, the immortal soul (if individuals were considered to  possess  one) was not necessarily considered to reside in a child from the moment of its conception. Therefore, infanticide was not regarded as murder. Whatever we might think today of this custom, the people of these ancient societies had what they considered to be sound reasons for performing infanticide. The fact that infants were occasionally abandoned or killed at birth apparently did not interfere with the ability of parents and siblings to love and cherish a newborn once it had been accepted as part of the family. In the fourth century, Christianity became the official religion of the Empire, and many Barbarian tribes had begun to convert, as well. Under the influence of the Christian Church, which saw the practice as a sin, Western European attitudes towards infanticide began to change. More and more children were baptized shortly after birth, giving the child an identity and a place in the community, and making the prospect of deliberately killing him an altogether different matter. This does not mean that infanticide was eradicated overnight throughout Europe. But, as was often the case with Christian influence, over time ethical outlooks altered, and the idea of killing an unwanted infant was more commonly viewed as horrific. As with most aspects of western culture, the Middle Ages served as a transition period between ancient societies and that of the modern world. Without hard  data, it is difficult to say just how quickly society and family attitudes towards infanticide changed in any given geographical area or among any particular cultural group. But change they did, as can be seen from the fact that infanticide was against the law in Christian European communities. Furthermore, by the late Middle  Ages,  the concept of infanticide was distasteful enough that the false accusation of the act was regarded as a salacious slander. While infanticide did persist, there is no evidence to support widespread, let alone rampant, practice. In Barbara Hanawalts examination of more than 4,000 homicide cases from medieval English court records, she found only three cases of infanticide.  While there may have been (and probably were) secret pregnancies and clandestine infant deaths, we have no evidence available to judge their frequency. We cannot assume they  never  happened, but we also cannot assume they happened on a regular basis. What is known is that no folkloric rationalization exists to justify the  practice and that folk tales dealing with the subject were cautionary in nature, with tragic consequences befalling characters that killed their babies. It seems fairly reasonable to conclude that medieval  society, on the whole, regarded infanticide as a horrible act. The killing of unwanted infants  was, therefore, the exception, not the rule, and cannot be regarded as evidence of widespread indifference towards children from their parents. Sources Gies, Frances, and Gies, Joseph, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages (Harper Row, 1987). Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986). Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993).